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Ghanaian Cocoa Farming: A Study of Abjection and Resistance Among Tenant Caretakers
Abstract
When I was entering the field for data collection, my idea of a tenant migrant caretaker for cocoa farming in southern Ghana was that of someone who is helpless and rendered abject through the socio-cultural and political processes of cocoa cultivation. Nevertheless, interactions with cocoa farmers, including migrant caretakers, farm owners, and extension officers, revealed that these migrant tenant caretakers were complicating cocoa farming and obstructing the increase in production initiatives. As such, I had to adjust the themes for the semi-structured interview guide to ask how migrant caretakers are disrupting the changes in production practices. My subsequent goal was to examine the causes of the migrant tenant caretakers’ disruptions and the strategies they use in their behavior. I derived insights from 110 interviews conducted with various cocoa farmers and management groups in three leading cocoa-producing regions (Ashanti, Western, and Ahafo) in Ghana. Utilizing the theoretical perspectives of abjection and resistance, the analysis revealed the need to challenge dominant narratives portraying migrant tenant caretakers as passive farmers to active farmers with agency to act even within unequal power relations. I show that caretakers engaged in covert disruptive activities as a strategy to have control over changes in farming practices and to achieve livability. Emphasizing that, while land access is crucial, the social, cultural, and political processes of migrant integration are also significant in production relations.
